Photo courtesy of Naoko Sato

Memorial Website for Our Former Director, Prof. Klaus Riesenhuber

On the Launch of This Website

Prof. Klaus Ruppert Riesenhuber, S.J. (1938–2022), served as the director of our institute (formerly the Medieval Philosophy Research Office) for 30 years. During that time, he contributed greatly to the study and dissemination of ancient philosophy, modern and contemporary philosophy, and Japanese thought—especially Zen thought—drawing on his extensive knowledge and profound metaphysical and religious-philosophical insights. Not only did he publish his own monographs and edited volumes, but he also played a key role in planning and publishing numerous translation series of original texts and secondary literature, including the Chūsei Shisō Genten Shūsei (Collection of Western Medieval Thought; Heibonsha, 20 volumes + supplement). Furthermore, through the systematic collection of books—both for publishing projects and to support research by scholars inside and outside the university—he helped lay the foundation for the study of Western medieval and Christian thought in Japan.
This website is created in gratitude, to introduce his life and academic achievements.
In particular, by highlighting his sole-authored works and including both his academic and missionary activities, we aim to convey the scholarly and spiritual attitude he upheld throughout his life: fides quaerens intellectum (faith seeking understanding). We would be truly grateful if you would receive our message.
The launch of this website was made possible by a 2023 Research Promotion Grant from Sophia University.
Regarding the posting of the video of his last lecture on February 28, 2009, we received permission from the Department of Philosophy at Sophia University and the Society of Jesus, Japan Province.
We have also included a link to the YouTube video of the “Memorial Mass” (Catholic Kojimachi, St. Ignatius Church), in order to share our deep respect and admiration for Prof. Riesenhuber with all viewers. We would also like to express our heartfelt appreciation to Yukitaka Kato (Postdoctoral Fellow), Yuichi Ishikawa (Research Assistant), and other temporary staff members whose efforts greatly contributed to the creation of this website.

March 2024
Naoko Sato
Director, Institute of Medieval Thought, Sophia University

Biography

Photo courtesy of the Society of Jesus, Japan Province

【Academic and Professional Background】

March 1957 Graduated from Heinrich-von-Gagern-Gymnasium, Frankfurt am Main
April 1957-1958 Studied Philosophy at Philosophische-Theologische Hochschule Sankt Georgen, Frankfurt am Main (withdrew on March 31, 1958, to join the Society of Jesus)
April 1958 Entered the Society of Jesus
April 1958-March 1960 Jesuit Novitiate, Eringerfeld
April 1960-July 1960 Classical Studies (Humanistic Training), Eringerfeld
September 1960-March 1962 Master’s Program in Philosophy, Berchmanskolleg (now Hochschule für Philosophie München)
Awarded Licentiate in Philosophy in March 1962
April 1962-March 1967 Doctoral Program in Philosophy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München.
Awarded Doctor of Philosophy (Dr. phil.) in March 1967
August 8, 1967 Arrived in Japan
September 1967-July 1969 Studies in Japanese Language and Culture, Jesuit Japanese Language School (Kamakura)
September 1969-March 1972 Master’s Program, Graduate School of Theology, Sophia University
Licentiate in Sacred Theology (Sacrae Theologiae Licentiatus, Facultas theologica ecclesiastica cursus secundus, Sophia University)
April 1973-March 1976 Doctoral Program, Graduate School of Theology, Sophia University Doctor of Sacred Theology (Sacrae Theologiae Doctor, Facultas theologica ecclesiastica cursus tertius, Sophia University)

【Degree】

March 1962 Licentiate in Philosophy (Lic. phil.), Berchmanskolleg (now Hochschule für Philosophie München)
March 1967 Doctor of Philosophy (Dr. phil.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
March 1972 Master of Theology, Sophia University Licentiate in Sacred Theology (Licentia Theologica, Facultas theologica ecclesiastica cursus secundus [magister], Sophia University)
March 1990 Doctor of Theology, Sophia University Doctor of Sacred Theology (Sacrae Theologiae Doctor, Facultas theologica ecclesiastica cursus tertius [doctoratus], Sophia University)

【Job History】

April 1962 – March 1967 Research Associate, Department of Philosophy, Berchmanskolleg (now Hochschule für Philosophie München)
April 1967 – July 1967 Part-time Lecturer, Berchmanskolleg (now Hochschule für Philosophie München)
April 1969-March 1974 Full-time Lecturer, Department of Philosophy, Faculty of Humanities, Sophia University
April 1973-March 1974 Deputy Director, Institute of Oriental Religious Studies, Sophia University
April 1974-March 1976 Director, Research Office for Medieval Philosophy, Sophia University
April 1976-March 2004 Director, Institute of Medieval Thought, Sophia University
(Position ended due to mandatory retirement from administrative roles)
April 1981-March 2003 Professor, Department of Philosophy, Faculty of Humanities, Sophia University
(Retired upon reaching mandatory retirement age)
April 2010- Professor Emeritus, Sophia University

1995-1998: Visiting professor at the Open University of Japan. Also served as a part-time lecturer at The University of Tokyo, Kyushu University, Tohoku University, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo University of Education (now University of Tsukuba), Keio University, Waseda University. In parallel with his academic and research activities, he continued his pastoral work as a member of the Society of Jesus.

Main Works

Books (in Western Languages)

  • Die Transzendenz der Freiheit zum Guten: der Wille in der Anthropologie und Metaphysik des Thomas von Aquin, München, Berchmanskolleg-Verlag, 1971
  • Existenzerfahrung und Religion, Mainz, Matthias-Grünewald Verlag, 1968; Experiência, existencial e religião、São Paulo, Ed. Loyola, 1972
  • Maria: im theologischen Verständnis von Karl Barth und Karl Rahner (Quaestiones disputatae 60), Freiburg, Herder 1973

Articles and Papers (in Western Languages)

  • “Der anonyme Christ, nach Karl Rahner,” Zeitschrift für katholische Theologie 86, 1964
  • “Die neuen Sammelwerke der Philosophie,” Philosophisches Jahrbuch 73, 1965
  • “Rahner’s anonymous Christian,” Theology Digest 13, 1965
  • “Anonymous Christian According to Karl Rahner,” in: A. Röper, The Anonymous Christian, New York, Sheed and Ward, 1966
  • “Analytische Philosophie,” W. Brugger, Philosophisches Wörterbuch, 13. Aufl., Freiburg im Breisgau, Herder, 1967
  • “Die Antwort des Menschen in der Religion,” Lebendiges Zeugnis (November) Heft 3/4, 1968
  • “Irrationalismus,” Sacramentum Mundi 2, Freiburg, Herder, 1968
  • “Müller, Max 〔part〕,” Enciclopedia Filosofica 3, Firenze, Sansoni, 1969
  • “Neoscolastica e Neotomismo,〔part〕” Enciclopedia Filosofica 3, Firenze, Sansoni, 1969
  • “Natürliche Theologie,” Sacramentum Mundi 3, Freiburg, Herder, 1969
  • “Voluntarismus,” Sacramentum Mundi 4, Freiburg, Herder, 1969
  • “Connaturalitas, Erkenntnis durch,” Historisches Wörterbuch der Philosophie 1, Basel, Schwabe & Co.-Verlag, 1970
  • “Rahner’s “anonymous Christian”, Christian Witness in the Secular City, 1970
  • “Natürliche Theologie,” Herders theologisches Taschenlexikon 5, Freiburg im Breisgau, Herder, 1973
  • “Nichts,” Handbuch Philosophischer Grundbegriffe 2, München, Kösel-Verlag, 1973
  • “Voluntarismus,” Herders theologisches Taschenlexikon 8, Freiburg im Breisgau, Herder, 1973
  • “Art and Morality by Nishida Kitaro,” Monumenta Nipponica XXIX/2, Sophia University, 1974
  • “The Bases and Meaning of Freedom in Thomas Aquinas,” Thomas and Bonaventure. Proceedings of The American Catholic Philosophical Association 48, 1974
  • “Gut. 〔III. Mittelalter〕, ” Historisches Wörterbuch der Philosophie 3, Basel, Schwabe & Co.-Verlag, 1974
  • “A Pluridimensionalidade do Conceito escolastico de Liberdade,” Revista Portuguesa de Filosofia 30, 1974
  • “Der Wandel des Freiheitsverständnisses von Thomas von Aquin zur frühen Neuzeit,” Rivista di Filosofia Neoscolastica anno LXVI, fasc. II-IV, 1974
  • “Hermeneutik,” W. Brugger, Philosophisches Wörterbuch, 14. Aufl., Freiburg im Breisgau, Herder, 1976
  • “Der Wandel des Naturbegriffs vom Hochmittelalter zur frühen Neuzeit,” San Bonaventura maestro di sapienza cristiana II (Atti, 1974), Roma, 1976
  • “Grundentscheidung und Sinnbezogenheit,” Tommaso d’Aquino nel suo settimo centenario (Atti del Congresso Internazionale) 6, Napoli, 1977
  • “Gebet als menschlicher Grundakt,” Munen musō: ungegenständliche Meditation, Festschrift für Pater Hugo M. Enomiya-Lassalle SJ zum 80. Geburtstag, Mainz, Matthias-Grünewald-Verlag, 1978
  • “Hermeneutik und Sprachanalyse, Ansätze zu einem Gespräch,” Zeitschrift für katholische Theologie 101, 1979
  • “Malum. 〔V. Patristik und Mittelalter〕,” Historisches Wörterbuch der Philosophie 5, Basel, Schwabe & Co.-Verlag, 1981
  • “Partizipation als Strukturprinzip der Namen Gottes bei Thomas von Aquin,” Sprache und Erkenntnis im Mittelalter: Akten des VI. Internationalen Kongresses für Mittelalterliche Philosophie der Société Internationale pour l’Étude de la Philosophie Médiévale, 29. August – 3. September 1977 in Bonn (Miscellanea Mediaevalia 13/2), Berlin, de Gruyter, 1981
  • “Zazen an einer katholischen Universität?” Aus dem Lande der aufgehenden Sonne 128, 1984
  • “Hören auf den Anruf – Zur transzendental konstitutiven Funktion des Wortes,” Japanische Beiträge zur Phänomenologie, Freiburg, Alber-Verlag, 1984
  • “Reine Erfahrung. Im Gespräch zwischen Aristoteles, Nishida und Pseudo-Dionysios, ” Fernöstliche Weisheit und christlicher Glaube, Festgabe für Heinrich Dumoulin SJ zur Vollendung des 80. Lebensjahres, Mainz, Matthias-Grünewald-Verlag, 1985
  • “Zum Verständnis ungegenständlicher Meditation,” Internationale Katholische Zeitschrift 15.4, Communio Verlag, 1986
  • “Die Selbsttranszendenz des Denkens zum Sein. Intentionalität als Gottesbeweis in “Proslogion”, Kap. 2,” Philosophie im Mittelalter, Hamburg, Felix Meiner, 1987
  • “Zum Wesen von Technik in Geschichte und Gegenwart,” Zen Buddhism Today 5, 1987
  • “Understanding non-objective meditation,” Communio: International Catholic Review 44, 1988
  • “Quoad se / quoad nos,” Historisches Wörterbuch der Philosophie 7, Basel, Schwabe & Co.-Verlag, 1989
  • “Gebrauch und Kontemplation – Zwei patristische Modelle des Verständnisses von Kultur und Religion,” Zen Buddhism Today 9, 1992
  • “Naturverständnis bei Augustinus,” Lebendige Überlieferung, Friedrich-Rückert-Verlag, 1993
  • “Nihilismus in Geistesgeschichte und Gegenwart,” Eco-ethica et Philosophia Generalis, Tokyo, Bunken-sha, 1993
  • “Gut, das Gute.〔I. Philosophisch〕,” Lexikon für Theologie und Kirche 4, Freiburg im Breisgau, Herder, 1995
  • “Negativität, Negatives,” Lexikon für Theologie und Kirche 7, Freiburg im Breisgau, Herder, 1998
  • “Der Streit um die ratio in der Frühscholastik,” Was ist Philosophie im Mittelalter? Akten des X. Internationalen Kongresses für Mittelalterliche Philosophie der Société Internationale pour l’Étude de la Philosophie Médiévale, 25. bis 30. August 1997 in Erfurt (Miscellanea Mediaevalia 26), Berlin, de Gruyter, 1998
  • “Was bleibt? (Nachwort),” in: Ursula Baatz, Hugo M. Enomiya-Lassalle: Ein Leben zwischen den Welten, Zürich, Benziger Verlag, 1998; “¿Qué queda? (Epílogo),” in: Ursula Baatz, Hugo M. Enomiya-Lassalle: Una vida entre mundos, Biografía, Henao, Desclée De Brouwer, 2001
  • “Hugo M. Enomiya-Lassalle,” Religionen unterwegs. Zeitschrift der Kontaktstelle für Weltreligionen in Österreich 5/2, 1999
  • “Zen unter Christen in Japan,” Meditation, Zeitschrift für christliche Spiritualität und Lebensgestaltung 24, 1999
  • “Arithmetic and Metaphysics of Unity in Thierry of Chartres,” Nature in Medieval Thought, Leiden, Brill, 2000
  • “Negation und Schau in der Gotteserkenntnis,” Nicholas of Cusa: A Medieval Thinker for the Modern Age, Richmond, Curzon Press, 2001
  • “Zur Struktur des Bewusstseins bei Nishida Kitaro: Selbtbewusstsein und freier Wille in Anschauung und Reflexion im Selbstbewusstsein,” Wandel zwischen den Welten, Festschrift für Johannes Laube, Frankfurt a. M., Peter Lang, 2003
  • “Liebe liegt im Vertrauen, in der Kraft des Durchhaltens,” Jesuiten, 2011/2, 2011
  • “Transzendenz und Immanenz bei Cusanus im Gespräch mit Nishida Kitaro,” Der Gottes-Gedanke des Nikolaus von Kues., Trier, 2012

Publications in Japanese

1.Supervised and Translated Series (Planning, General Supervision, and Translation)

  • J. Daniélou, H. I. Marrou, et al. History of Christianity. 11 vols. Trans. and supervised by the Institute for Medieval Thought, Sophia University. Tokyo: Kodansha, 1980–82 / 1990–91; Heibonsha Library edition, 1996–97.
  • Institute for Medieval Thought, Sophia University, ed. and trans. Sources of Medieval Thought: Anthology of Primary Texts. 20 vols. + Supplement. Tokyo: Heibonsha, 1992–2002.
    (Recipient of the 39th Japan Translation Publishing Award (2003).)
  • G. Barraclough, ed. Illustrated History of Christian Culture. 3 vols. Trans. by Sadanori Bekku, supervised by the Institute for Medieval Thought, Sophia University. Tokyo: Harashobo, 1993–94.
    (Recipient of the 30th Japan Translation Publishing Culture Award (1994).)
  • L. Bouyer, et al. History of Christian Mystical Thought. 3 vols. Trans. by Masaki Omori et al., supervised by the Institute for Medieval Thought, Sophia University. Tokyo: Heibonsha, 1996–98.
  • W. V. Bangert. A History of the Society of Jesus. Trans. and supervised by the Institute for Medieval Thought, Sophia University. Tokyo: Harashobo, 2004.

2.Supervised and Edited Essay Collections

  • St. Benedict and Monastic Culture. Ed. by the Institute for Medieval Thought, Sophia University. Studies in Medieval Thought, Vol. 1 (1982). Tokyo: Sobunsha, 1998.
  • Christian Platonism. Ed. by the Institute for Medieval Thought, Sophia University. Studies in Medieval Thought, Vol. 2. Tokyo: Sobunsha, 1983.
  • History of Educational Thought. 6 vols. Planned and edited by the Institute for Medieval Thought, Sophia University. Tokyo: Toyokan Publishing, 1984–86.
  • Medieval Historical Consciousness and Historiography. Ed. by the Institute for Medieval Thought, Sophia University. Studies in Medieval Thought, Vol. 3. Tokyo: Sobunsha, 1986.
  • Images of the Human in the Middle Ages. Planned and edited by the Institute for Medieval Thought, Sophia University. Studies in Medieval Thought, Vol. 5. Tokyo: Sobunsha, 1986.
  • Ancient Views of Nature. Planned and edited by the Institute for Medieval Thought, Sophia University. Studies in Medieval Thought, Vol. 6. Tokyo: Sobunsha, 1989.
  • Medieval Views of Nature. Planned and edited by the Institute for Medieval Thought, Sophia University. Studies in Medieval Thought, Vol. 7. Tokyo: Sobunsha, 1991.
  • Monasticism in the Middle Ages. Planned and edited by the Institute for Medieval Thought, Sophia University. Studies in Medieval Thought, Vol. 8. Tokyo: Sobunsha, 1991.
  • Ancient Traditions in the Middle Ages. Planned and edited by the Institute for Medieval Thought, Sophia University. Studies in Medieval Thought, Vol. 4. Tokyo: Sobunsha, 1994.
  • Medieval Concepts of Knowledge. Planned and edited by the Institute for Medieval Thought, Sophia University. Studies in Medieval Thought, Vol. 9. Tokyo: Sobunsha, 1995.
  • Social Thought in the Middle Ages. Planned and edited by the Institute for Medieval Thought, Sophia University. Studies in Medieval Thought, Vol. 10. Tokyo: Sobunsha, 1996.
  • The Ethical Thought of Thomas Aquinas. Planned and edited by the Institute for Medieval Thought, Sophia University. Studies in Medieval Thought, Vol. 11. Tokyo: Sobunsha, 1999.
  • Between the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Period: Scholasticism and Mysticism in the 14th Century. Planned and edited by the Institute for Medieval Thought, Sophia University. Studies in Medieval Thought, Vol. 12. Tokyo: Chisen Shokan, 2007.

3.Other Editorial Work and Contributions (Including Prefaces, Postscripts, etc.)

  • Co-editor. Studies on Thomas Aquinas: Commemorative Essays for the 700th Anniversary of His Death. Tokyo: Sobunsha, 1975.
  • Co-editor and Co-author. Knowledge and Transcendence in the Middle Ages: Seeking the Origins of Thought. Tokyo: Sobunsha, 1992.
  • Preface contributor. R. H. Syronis. The Thought of Eriugena and Medieval Neoplatonism. Series: Studies in Medieval Thought, Vol. 1. Tokyo: Sobunsha, 1992.
  • Preface contributor. R. H. Syronis. The Thought of Eriugena and Medieval Neoplatonism. Series: Studies in Medieval Thought, Vol. 1. Tokyo: Sobunsha, 1992.
  • Co-editor. Collected Works of Kitaro Nishida. 24 vols. + Supplement. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 2004–2006.
  • Postscript contributions to the following volumes
    Vol. 14: Lecture Records
    Vol. 15: Lecture Notes II
    Vol. 16: Fragments
  • Co-author. Faith and Knowledge in the Middle Ages: Commemorative Volume for Professor Klaus Riesenhuber’s Retirement. Planned and edited by the Institute for Medieval Thought, Sophia University. Studies in Medieval Thought, Vol. 13. Tokyo: Chisen Shokan, 2013.

4.Monographs (Scholarly, General, and Spiritual Works, Listed Chronologically by First Edition)

  • Transcendental Experience. Translated by Ichiro Sakai et al. Self-published, 1982. [8th printing]
  • Our Father: Living the Lord’s Prayer. Self-published, 1987; revised edition: Tokyo: Kyobunkwan, 1996.
    (Originally serialized in Evangelization, Oriens Institute for Religious Research, Jan–July 1986)
  • [Trans. by Ichiro Sakai and Yuko Takao et al.] Freedom and Transcendence in the Middle Ages. Series: Studies in Medieval Thought, Vol. 2. Tokyo: Sobunsha, 1988.
    (Doctoral dissertation in theology)
  • [Trans. by Toshihiko Yatama.] A History of Ancient and Medieval Western Philosophy. Tokyo: The Open University of Japan Foundation, 1991 / 1995; Heibonsha Library edition, 2000.
  • The Inner Life. Self-published, 1993; Seibo Bunko edition, 1995.
  • [Trans. by Norio Murai, Toshihiko Yatama et al.] Sources of Medieval Philosophy. Tokyo: Sobunsha, 1995.
  • [Trans. by Norio Murai Articles and Papers (in Western Languages)] History of Medieval Thought. Heibonsha Library, 2003.
    (Includes “Shiori” introductions from Sources of Medieval Thought, Vols. 1–20 + Supplement, Heibonsha, 1992–2002)
  • Faith Seeking Understanding. Tokyo: Don Bosco Press, 2004; Seibo Bunko edition, 2016.
  • Humanity Illuminated by Transcendence A Foundation for Philosophy of Religion. Tokyo: Sobunsha, 2004.
  • [Trans. by Norio Murai.] Reason and Spirituality in the Middle Ages. Series: Studies in Medieval Thought, Vol. 3. Tokyo: Chisen Shokan, 2008.
  • [Supervised translation by Norio Murai.] Fundamental Problems of Modern Philosophy. Series: Studies in Medieval Thought, Vol. 4. Tokyo: Chisen Shokan, 2014.
  • Edited by Akemi Kugimiya.
    Collected Minor Writings of Klaus Riesenhuber, Vol.1: Experiences of Transcendence— On Religion. Tokyo: Chisen Shokan, 2015.
  • Vol.2: Truth and Mystery—Biblical Meditations, 2015.
  • Vol.3: Faith and Blessedness—The Essence of Christianity, 2015.
  • Vol.4: History of Thought—Short Essays on Philosophy and Theology, 2015.
  • Vol.5: Self-Understanding—The Question of Origin and the Practice of Zazen, 2015.
  • Vol.6: The Experience of Christ’s Presence, 2021.
  • Zen and Christianity. Tokyo: Chisen Shokan, 2022.
    (Postscript by Ayako Koseki; published posthumously)
  • Edited and translated by Norio Murai. The Scope of Medieval Philosophy: From the Latin Fathers to Ficino. Heibonsha Library, 2024. (Posthumous publication)
  • Edited with commentary by Yoshihisa Yamamoto. Being and Thought: Essays in Medieval Philosophy. Kodansha Gakujutsu Bunko, 2024. (Posthumous publication)

(As of March 2025)

For details on the publications issued by the Institute of Medieval Thought among those listed above, please click here. You can view the table of contents (including the listed papers) by clicking on each title in the linked page. For more information on the papers and other related materials, please see here

Video and Materials from the Final Lecture

Thumbnail photo courtesy of Hiroshi Kuroda

 

This is a video of Professor Riesenhuber’s final lecture, held in February 2009.
Lecture title: It’s Time! The Voice of Time – The Birth of the Self
The handout distributed on the day of the lecture is available [here]. A transcript of this lecture, compiled by the editor Akemi Kugimiya, is included in Klaus Riesenhuber’s Collected Essays Vol. 5.

Memorial Mass

Professor Riesenhuber’s memorial mass was held in April 2023. Many who admired him—including former colleagues, students, and members of the congregation—gathered to attend the service. The ceremony was streamed on the YouTube channel of the Jesuit Japan Province. You can watch it [here] (Catholic Kojimachi / St. Ignatius Church YouTube channel).

German Manuscripts for the New Catholic Encyclopedia

The following are the German manuscripts of Prof. Klaus Riesenhuber in the New Catholic Encyclopedia (Kenkyusha). You can track the progress of Prof. Riesenhuber’s proofreading (please note that some sections may be missing). An electronic version of the New Catholic Encyclopedia is now available in digital format and can be accessed through the Kenkyusha Online Dictionary (KOD) (membership registration required to view)

  • ・Eckhart (Meister Eckhart):“Eckhart, Johannes (Meister Eckhart).” New Catholic Encyclopedia of Japan, Vol. I. Edited by the Editorial Committee of the New Catholic Encyclopedia of the Sophia University School Corporation. Tokyo: Kenkyusha, 1996, pp. 801–804.
    (Japanese title: 「エックハルト Eckhart, Johannes」)
    Manuscript
  • ・Gotteserkenntnis : “Gotteserkenntnis (Knowledge of God).”New Catholic Encyclopedia of Japan, Vol. I. Edited by the Editorial Committee of the New Catholic Encyclopedia of the Sophia University School Corporation. Tokyo: Kenkyusha, 1996, pp. 1216–1222.
    (Japanese title: 「神認識」)
    Manuscript(1)
    Manuscript(2)
    Manuscript(3)
  • ・Gottesbeweise:“Gottesbeweise (Proofs for the Existence of God).”New Catholic Encyclopedia of Japan, Vol. I. Edited by the Editorial Committee of the New Catholic Encyclopedia of the Sophia University School Corporation. Tokyo: Kenkyusha, 1996, pp. 1239–1241.
    (Japanese title: 「神の存在証明」)
    Manuscript(1)
    Manuscript(2)
    Manuscript(3)
  • ・Theologie und Philosophie:“Theologie und Philosophie (Theology and Philosophy).”New Catholic Encyclopedia of Japan, Vol. III. Edited by the Editorial Committee of the New Catholic Encyclopedia of the Sophia University School Corporation. Tokyo: Kenkyusha, 2002, pp. 372–374.
    (Japanese title: 「神学と哲学」)
    Manuscript

These manuscripts are published with the permission of the Sophia University New Catholic Encyclopedia Editorial Office, which holds the individual copyrights for the Japanese entries, and the Society of Jesus Japan Province. Unauthorized use, reproduction, or secondary distribution is prohibited.